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Over the course of the 20th century, the car rapidly developed from an expensive toy for the rich into the "awful" standard for passenger transport in most developed countries.〔"(The Enigma of Automobility )" by Sudhir Chella Rajan. University of Pittsburgh Press (1996)〕〔''(The ‘System’ of Automobility )'' by John Urry. Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 21, No. 4–5, 25-39 (2004)〕 In developing countries, the effects of the car have lagged, but are emulating the impacts of developed nations. The development of the car built upon the transport revolution started by railways, and like the railways, introduced sweeping changes in employment patterns, social interactions, infrastructure and goods distribution. The effects of the car on everyday life have been a subject of controversy. While the introduction of the mass-produced car represented a revolution in mobility and convenience, the modern consequences of heavy automotive use contribute to the use of non-renewable fuels, a dramatic increase in the rate of accidental death, social isolation, the disconnection of community, the rise in obesity, the generation of air and noise pollution, urban sprawl, and urban decay.〔''(Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back )'' By Jane Holtz Kay Published 1998 ISBN 0-520-21620-2〕 == History == In the early 20th century, cars entered mass production. In 1907, 45,000 cars were produced in The United States, but 28 years later in 1935 3,971,000 were produced, nearly 100 times as many. This increase in production required a large, new work force. In 1913 13,623 people worked at Ford Motor Company, but by 1915 18,028 people worked there. Bradford DeLong, author of The Roaring Twenties, tells us that, "Many more lined up outside the Ford factory for chances to work at what appeared to them to be (and, for those who did not mind the pace of the assembly line much, was) an incredible boondoggle of a job.〔" There was a surge in the need for workers at big, new high-technology companies such as Ford. Employment largely increased. Nevertheless, when the motor age arrived at the beginning of the 20th century in western countries, many conservative intellectuals started to oppose to the increase of motor-vehicles on roads. Such increases removed space from pedestrians for infrastructure, and brought a tremendous increase in pedestrians fatalities caused by car collisions. W.S. Gilbert, a British magistrate and famous librettist wrote to ''The Times'' on 3 June 1903: Ten years later, a professor wrote a more elaborate protest, "The Motor Bus" which cleverly combined a lesson in Latin grammar with an expression of distaste for innovative motor transport. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Effects of the car on societies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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